The 2020 Hurricanes, Internal Displacements, and COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean Countries: Lessons Learned for Disaster Risk Reduction

This chapter analyzes the impacts of the three main hurricanes in 2020 in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries in the context of the global health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. During the pandemic, the tropical cyclones Eta, Laura, and Iota caused more than 2.7 million new internal displacements in 13 countries of the region. The temporal coincidence of these three hurricanes with the first pandemic wave meant increased exposure of internally displaced people (IDPs) to COVID-19 infections. As a result, in 2020, a singularly adverse scenario of great relevance emerged for the LAC region. Therefore, this chapter highlights the differential impacts of COVID-19 that IDPs faced in this region during much of the year 2020, and the lessons learned for disaster risk reduction, including displaced people. © 2023 Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture and Food Security in Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean

Recent analyzes have determined that many countries have not made progress towards meeting the goal of eradicating hunger. The difficulties imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic added to the worsening of the climate crisis, which led to an increase in the occurrence of extreme events and the reduction of food production in many countries, have moved the world away from the path that leads to the end of hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. In 2020, almost one in three people in the world lacked access to adequate food, an increase of almost 320 million people between 2019 and 2020. If these data are analyzed by regions, in this same period approximately 46 million more people suffered from hunger in Africa and 14 million more in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Therefore, this chapter aims to assess the main impacts generated by historical (1950–2021) and future (2050 and 2100) climate change trends on food production and its correlation with the prevalence of undernourishment and moderate and severe food insecurity in Africa and LAC between 2000 and 2022. The results of these analyzes will provide essential information that can be used to promote the development of sustainable food systems in the current context of the socio-sanitary and climate crisis, in accordance with SDGs 2, 13 and 17 of the 2030 Agenda. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Dengue and Its Secondary Hemorrhagic Fever among Children: A Life-Threatening Health Problem in Brazil

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Dengue is a viral febrile infectious disease characterized by mild symptoms that can progress to dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Due to socioeconomic and environmental reasons, it is a significant public health problem in Brazil with high morbidity rates among children. The objective is to analyze the epidemiological behavior of dengue and DHF hospitalizations in Brazil and point out the importance of health surveillance. METHOD(S): Data were collected from the Sistema de Informacoes Hospitalares of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The study population was children from zero to 14 years old diagnosed with classic dengue and/or DHF from January 2008 to November 2021 in Brazil. The variables analyzed were hospitalizations and deaths over the years, hospitalization time and expenses. RESULT(S): A total of 192,424 hospitalizations for dengue and DHF were reported, of which 95.3% were considered medical emergencies. Its epidemiological behavior has fluctuated over the years, with an increase of 162.0% between 2017 and 2019, followed by a decreasing trend starting in 2020. Despite the low mortality rate (0.24%), this scenario was responsible for $12,347,942.38 in expenses and a total of 652,552 hospitalization days. CONCLUSION(S): Dengue is responsible for a major socioeconomic impact on Brazilian's public health system since its severe cases require intensive care to avoid shock, organ failure and death. Due to COVID-19 pandemic and population's fear of contamination in medical facilities, underreporting of arboviruses cases was observed. Since early diagnosis and monitoring are predictors of good prognosis, it is crucial to encourage notification, epidemiological surveillance and sanitary hygiene measures.

Os Valores De Referencia Do D-Dimero No Contexto Da Covid-19: O Que Sabemos Ate Agora?

Objetivos: Correlacionar a associacao entre a infeccao pelo SARS-CoV-2, a coagulacao intravascular disseminada e a relacao do D-dimero com o agravamento do quadro clinico em pacientes com a COVID-19. Materiais e Metodos: Trata-se de uma revisao de literatura realizada pela analise de onze artigos publicados entre 2020 e 2022, nas linguas portuguesa e inglesa obtidos atraves das bases de dados PubMed e SciELO. Os descritores utilizados na pesquisa estao de acordo com o Sistema de Descritores em Ciencias da Saude (DeCS) e sao respectivamente "Coagulacao Intravascular Disseminada" e "COVID-19". Resultados: O SARS-CoV-2, agente etiologico responsavel pela COVID-19, pode causar um estado de hipercoagulabilidade devido ao seu efeito no aumento de citocinas inflamatorias. Sendo o D-dimero um produto de degradacao da fibrina, que tem sua producao influenciada pela inflamacao, este se torna um importante marcador de gravidade para diagnostico e manejo de eventos tromboticos. Uma das principais complicacoes dessa disfuncao da hemostasia no COVID-19 e o Tromboembolismo Pulmonar (TEP), que foi observado em cerca de 25% dos casos graves com maiores elevacoes do D-dimero. Ademais, a Coagulacao Intravascular Disseminada (CIVD) se enquadra como outra complicacao que ocorre, principalmente, nos casos em que a infecao e fatal, sendo relatada em 71,4% dos pacientes que vieram a obito e 0,6% dos sobreviventes. Niveis de D-dimero aumentados mais de 6 vezes o limite da normalidade foram associados com desenvolvimento de sindrome do desconforto respiratorio agudo, piora do padrao radiologico e aumento da mortalidade. Ainda, os valores desse parametro variavam entre 2.614 mug/L e 3.780 mug/L nos pacientes que vieram a obito, enquanto nos sobreviventes, na maioria das vezes, nao ultrapassavam 1.705 mug/L. Corroborando a isso, alguns estudos consideraram valores de D-dimero acima de 1.500 mug/L na admissao um ponto de corte para prever um maior risco de mortalidade dos pacientes com COVID-19. Discussao: Em caso de manifestacao grave da infeccao, pode repercutir em sepse, sendo uma circunstancia em que o sistema antitrombina, a proteina C e o inibidor da via do fator tecidual e a fibrinolise estao disfuncionais, ocorrendo um desbalanco do sistema de coagulacao. Ademais, a hipoxia fomentada pela infeccao pode ser outro fator contributivo para essa disfuncao. Esse estado pro-trombotico e denominado Coagulopatia Induzida pela Sepse (SIC) e precede a CIVD, uma condicao caracterizada por uma excessiva ativacao da trombina com formacao e deposicao de fibrina na microvasculatura. As formas mais graves de COVID-19 estao relacionadas com a SIC, que esta presente na maioria dos casos mais fatais. Tendo em vista que os marcadores laboratoriais podem se encontrar bastante alterados em decorrencia do desequilibrio da coagulacao provocado pela SIC, a avaliacao laboratorial por meio do monitoramento do D-dimero se torna importante para a profilaxia de eventos tromboembolicos mediante uso da terapia anticoagulante, sendo assim, quanto mais estudos forem feitos acerca do tema, melhor a indicacao dessa terapeutica aos pacientes. Conclusao: Desse modo, segundo os artigos pesquisados, houve uma importante relacao entre os niveis de D-dimero e um pior prognostico, sendo os pacientes mais susceptiveis a desenvolver CIVD e ao desenvolvimento de fenomenos tromboembolicos como TEP, e, consequentemente, estes estariam mais indicados a receber profilaxia anticoagulante. Copyright © 2022

Purpura Trombocitopenica Trombotica Associada a Covid-19: Correlacoes E Tratamentos

Objetivos: Levantar os principais achados acerca da possivel associacao entre a infeccao pelo SARS-CoV-2 e a manifestacao de Purpura Trombocitopenica Trombotica, compilando as complexidades do quadro e as dificuldades dos tratamentos mais evidenciados na literatura. Material e Metodos: Trata-se de uma revisao de literatura realizada pela analise de seis artigos publicados entre 2020 e 2021, nas linguas portuguesa e inglesa obtidos atraves das bases de dados PubMed e Science Direct. Os descritores utilizados na pesquisa estao de acordo com o Sistema de Descritores em Ciencias da Saude (DeCS) e sao respectivamente "COVID-19"e "Purpura Trombocitopenica Trombotica". Resultados: Foram analisados seis relatos de caso que exemplificam a relacao entre a COVID-19 e a Purpura Trombocitopenica Trombotica (PTT). Especula-se que infeccoes agudas, como as causadas pelo coronavirus, engatilhem uma deplecao da protease de clivagem do fator de von Willebrand, o ADAMTS13, por mecanismos fisiopatologicos ainda nao robustamente estabelecidos. De fato, ja foram registrados casos de PTT apos a exposicao viral pela vacinacao contra a COVID-19. O manejo desses pacientes e muitas vezes dificil visto que sintomas da PTT - piora da funcao renal, febre, alteracoes no nivel de consciencia e trombocitopenia - tambem sao encontrados em quadros de COVID-19;essa sobreposicao fisiopatologica estorva o reconhecimento diagnostico da PTT, comprometendo a adocao rapida e eficiente de condutas terapeuticas para tratar o quadro. E valido mencionar a suposicao de que a COVID-19 possa prolongar a duracao do tratamento de PTT, favorecendo a progressao da doenca. E pertinente ressaltar a importancia do diagnostico precoce da PTT ja que, sem tratamento adequado, esta associada a altas taxas de mortalidade. Dessa forma, o estudo dos tratamentos da PTT associada a COVID-19 fazem-se essenciais, apesar de ainda relativamente escassos. Houve consenso dos trabalhos estudados acerca da plasmaferese terapeutica diaria, primeira linha de tratamento para o quadro. Alguns deles, adicionalmente a plasmaferese, encaminharam a administracao de moduladores imunologicos como imunoglobulina endovenosa. Contudo, os artigos teceram discrepancias quanto a necessidade de corticoterapia, recomendada e bem-sucedida de acordo com a maioria dos estudos, que relataram evolucao favoravel mediante o pulso de corticoides. Um deles ainda exaltou a eficacia da infusao de plasma fresco congelado. Discussao: Perante o exposto, observa-se que a infeccao pelo SARS-CoV-2 possui relacao notoria com a PTT, o que tanto retarda como dificulta seu tratamento. Sofre-se com a carencia de estudos concretos que possam contribuir para a formulacao de uma abordagem sistematica e comprovadamente eficiente para a esquematizacao do diagnostico da PTT durante a COVID-19. Quanto ao tratamento, ha bons resultados com plasmaferese e a administracao de moduladores imunologicos. Conclusao: Pode-se observar que a PTT e um importante fator de piora da COVID-19, tanto pelas adversidades encontradas no diagnostico do quadro clinico - que ocorre frequentemente de forma tardia - quanto pela escassez de conhecimentos acerca dos tratamentos. O progresso cientifico em relacao ao tema ha de trazer nao so esclarecimentos aos profissionais da saude quanto ao manejo dessas configuracoes patologicas complexas, como tambem o estabelecimento de um cuidado mais adequado e preciso para os pacientes acometidos. Copyright © 2022

Higher Immunogenicity of a Third Heterologous Dose with BNT262b2 Mensanger RNA Vaccine Compared to a Homologous Dose in Kidney Transplant Recipients Fully Vaccinated with Inactivated Whole- Virion CoronaVac Vaccine

Purpose: This study aims to compare the immunogenicity of a third dose of the heterologous BNT262b2 mRNA vaccine versus the homologous inactivated wholevirion CoronaVac vaccine in adult kidney transplant recipients (KTR). Method(s): This prospective, single-center, phase 4 interventional study included KTR aged 30-69 years, with more than 30days of transplantation, and no previous confirmed COVID-19. The patients received the 3rd heterologous (BNT162b2 mRNA) or homologous dose, at least four weeks after the standard two-dose schedule of CoronaVac vaccine, at the transplant center. Antibody response immediately before and after the 3rd dose was assessed by the AdviseDx SARS-CoV-2 IgG II assay. For those positive assays, neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were assessed through the cPassTM SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Antibody Detection Kit. Result(s): There were 307 patients in the heterologous group and 777 patients in the homologous group. KTR in the heterologous group were older (median age 54 vs. 50 years,p<0.0001), with a lower prevalence of diabetes (7% vs. 11%,p=0.032), lower percentage of deceased donors (60% vs. 68%,p=0.006) and longer time since transplant (median 11 vs. 6 years,p< 0.0001).Immediately before the 3rd dose, seroprevalence for IgG antibodies (36% vs. 34%,p=0.597) and the median antibody titers among those seroprevalent (246 AU/mL vs. 268 AU/mL,p=0.279) were similar. At a median of 25 days after the heterologous and 35 days after the homologous 3rddose vaccine, seroconversion rate was higher in the heterologous group (49% vs. 32%,p<0.0001), resulting in a higher seroprevalence rate (67% vs. 55%,p=0.0003). Overall, 42% remained seronegative after the third dose. The median antibody titers after booster among those seroprevalent patients was higher in those in whom the 3rd heterologous vaccine was administered (7,771 AU/mL vs 599 AU/mL,p<0.0001). The analysis of the neutralizing activity is ongoing. Conclusion(s): This prospective interventional study suggests that a 3rd heterologous dose is associated with a higher seroconversion rate and median antibody titers compared to a homologous dose in kidney transplant recipients fully vaccinated with inactivated whole-virion CoronaVac vaccine. In addition, 42% of subjects did not produce humoral immune response after the third dose, urging the development of alternative strategies.

A crystallographic snapshot of SARS-CoV-2 main protease maturation process

SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of COVID-19. The dimeric form of the viral Mpro is responsible for the cleavage of the viral polyprotein in 11 sites, including its own N- and C-terminus. The lack of structural information for intermediary forms of Mpro is a setback for the understanding its self-maturation process. Herein, we used X-ray crystallography combined with biochemical data to characterize multiple forms of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. For the immature form, we show that extra N-terminal residues caused conformational changes in the positioning of domainthree over the active site, hampering the dimerization and diminishing its activity. We propose that this form preludes the cis and trans-cleavage of N-terminal residues. Using fragment screening, we probe new cavities in this form which can be used to guide therapeutic development. Furthermore, we characterized a serine site-directed mutant of the Mpro bound to its endogenous Nand C-terminal residues during dimeric association stage of the maturation process. We suggest this form is a transitional state during the C-terminal trans-cleavage. This data sheds light in the structural modifications of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease during its self-maturation process.

Social representations of LGBT old age and sex professionals in brazilian adults

The number of elderly people in the world is growing significantly, thus urging the need to ensure that this population can live a full life, especially given the current pandemic scenario of COVID-19. Objective: To analyze the social representations of LGBT old age for male and female sex professionals through the pandemic. Method: It is a qualitative, descriptive, and exploratory research. 10 men and 10 women participated of the study, aging between 18 and 48 years old, all sex workers. For this study were used a sociodemographic questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. The collection was recorded from the Google Forms and analyzed based on the Hierarchical Descending Classification, in the IRAMUTEQ software. Results: The results show 3 classes: (1) "Social understanding of the topic LGBT old age";(2) "Stigma to genders and sexual orientations");(3) "Double problem: physical transformations and the obstacles that accompany them". Conclusions: The representations are associated with the difficulties the elderly have in aging, as well as to debate LGBT old age. There are also greater obstacles when it comes to aging women and LGBT sex workers. In this way, the study seeks to contribute to the advance of the debate about LGBT aging and old age.

Using data from a private provider of telemedicine to assess the severity of the early 2021 Covid-19 wave in Brazil.

In early 2021, Brazil saw a dramatic recurrence in Covid-19 cases associated to the spread of a novel variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the P1 variant. In light of previous reports showing that this variant is more transmissible and more likely to infect people who had recovered from previous infection, a retrospective analysis was conducted to assess if the early 2021 Covid-19 wave in Brazil was associated with an increase in the number of individuals presenting with a more severe clinical course. Fifty-one thousand and fourteen individuals who underwent telemedicine consultations were divided into two groups: patients seen on or before January 31, 2021, and on or after February 1, 2021. These dates were chosen based on the spread of the P1 variant in Brazil. Referral to the emergency department (ED) was used as a marker of a more severe course of the disease. No differences were seen in the proportion of patients referred to the ED in each group nor in the odds ratio of being referred to the ED from the 1st of February 2021 (OR=0.909; 95%CI: 0.81-1.01). Considering the entire cohort, age had an impact on the odds of being referred to the ED, with individuals older than 59 years showing twice the risk of the remaining population and those less than 19 years showing a lower risk.

Emotion Bubbles: Emotional Composition of Online Discourse Before and After the COVID-19 Outbreak

The COVID-19 pandemic has been the single most important global agenda in the past two years. In addition to its health and economic impacts, it has affected people's psychological states, including a rise in depression and domestic violence. We traced how the overall emotional states of individual Twitter users changed before and after the pandemic. Our data, including more than 9 million tweets posted by 9,493 users, suggest that the threat posed by the virus did not upset the emotional equilibrium of social media. In early 2020, COVID-related tweets skyrocketed in number and were filled with negative emotions;however, this emotional outburst was short-lived. We found that users who had expressed positive emotions in the pre-COVID period remained positive after the initial outbreak, while the opposite was true for those who regularly expressed negative emotions. Individuals achieved such emotional consistency by selectively focusing on emotion-reinforcing topics. The implications are discussed in light of an emotionally motivated confirmation bias, which we conceptualize as emotion bubbles that demonstrate the public's resilience to a global health risk. © 2022 ACM.

O USO DE ANTICOAGULANTES EM PACIENTES COM COVID-19: REVISÃO DE LITERATURA

Objetivos: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal expor os benefícios que vêm sendo associados à utilização de anticoagulantes na COVID-19, além de demonstrar a importância de uma maior investigação acerca da utilização desses medicamentos em pacientes infectados, que poderia melhorar cada vez mais a conduta terapêutica da doença. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura a partir da análise de 15 artigos publicados entre 2019 e 2021 nas bases de dados SciELO, PubMed e Wiley Online Library. Os descritores utilizados para a busca dos artigos foram “Anticoagulantes”, “COVID-19”e “Trombose”, terminologias de acordo com o sistema de Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS). Foram aplicados como critérios de inclusão: artigos completos, disponíveis em acesso aberto e publicados no período de 2020 a 2021. Resultados: De acordo com a literatura analisada, o uso da heparina parenteral de baixo peso molecular (HBPM) ou da heparina não fracionada (HNF) é indicado em pacientes hospitalizados com COVID-19, apresentando um maior benefício ao paciente caso iniciado na fase pré trombótica. As doses predominantemente sugeridas de acordo com os estudos analisados, são: HBPM 1 mg/kg de 12/12 horas, subcutâneo, para pacientes com clearance de creatinina > 30mL/min;HNF 18 UI/kg/h, intravenoso, para pacientes com clearance de creatinina < 30mL/min. A maior parte dos relatos de caso que associaram a COVID-19 ao uso de anticoagulantes alegam uma menor mortalidade entre os usuários do medicamento. Discussão: A COVID-19 vem sendo associada ao aumento do risco de tromboses, visto que a doença se correlaciona com lesões no sistema vascular e com hipercoagulabilidade, componentes da tríade de Virchow. Assim, segundo a literatura, o uso de anticoagulantes em indivíduos hospitalizados com COVID-19 tornou possível associar um melhor prognóstico à maioria dos pacientes, principalmente quando utilizados de forma profilática. Conclusão: Dessa forma, conclui-se com os achados deste presente estudo que o uso de anticoagulantes na abordagem terapêutica em pacientes com COVID-19 está associado a prognósticos mais favoráveis, em razão dessa doença aumentar o estado pró-coagulatório do indivíduo e causar eventos tromboembólicos. Apesar disso, é necessário mais estudos acerca dos tratamentos disponíveis para a COVID-19 para garantir um maior sucesso terapêutico, por se tratar de uma doença nova.

Molecular Docking in silico Analysis of Brazilian Essential Oils Against Host Targets and SARS-CoV-2 Proteins

The inhibitory activity of thirty-one sesquiterpenes identified from Brazilian essential oils (Copaifera langsdorffii Desf., Croton cajucara Benth. and Siparuna guianensis Aublet.) were analyzed by in silico molecular docking. The compounds were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID), and then, applied against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) proteins and human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). Applying molecular docking and AutoDock Vina software, a total of 496 individual interactions were detected for sesquiterpenes along with SARS-CoV-2 proteins and hACE2 human angiotensin converting enzyme-2 protein. The findings showed considerable binding affinity of sesquiterpenes with the tested macromolecules. In that, beta-selinene from C. langsdorffii displayed the best energy (-7.2 kcal mol(-1)) and showed strong interactions with the amino acids of the SARS-CoV-2 M-Pro protein. Spathulenol from C. cajucara strongly interacted with human ACE2, with a binding energy of -7.1 kcal mol(-1). Meanwhile, gamma-eudesmol from S. guianensis presented the lowest binding energy (-7.5 kcal moL(-1)) by interacting with the SARS-CoV-2 M-Pro complex. Additionally, measurements were performed aiming to evaluate the best sesquiterpenes binding interactions with the main proteins and its homologue files. According to results, these Brazilian essential oils hold antiviral potential being a rich source for further in vitro and in vivo studies focusing on herbal therapeutic adjuvants against SARS-CoV-2 infections.

THE HUMAN DIGNITY OF THE ELDERLY IN COPING WITH COVID-19

The work demonstrated the fragility and difficulties of the elderly in achieving treatment against the coronavirus in Public Health Units. hospitals, forcing him to take extreme and morally difficult decisions and measures, especially to which patients would be allocated to ICU beds, hurting the dignity of the human person of the elderly, especially when it put into effect the AMIB Protocol for allocation of resources in depletion during the pandemic caused by COVID-19, establishing evaluative criteria, imposing a specific reserve of ICUs for the elderly and limiting the priority of care for them. It showed that the life expectancy of the elderly cannot be considered as an evaluative "criterion" and included the technical decisions of the public authorities in the actions taken to treat the infected elderly. In this aspect, the State's limitations to confront COVID-19 were observed, making it necessary to discuss the topic, which permeates between law and ethics. Basic and descriptive research was used, as no definitive solutions were pointed out, only the description of the facts. The study was carried out by qualitative research without blemishing the quantitative data and the hypothetical deductive method allowed us to investigate the information from a rational point of view of the issue, thus leading to the hypotheses for solving the problem.

Remote dance teaching at the Escola Livre de Danca da Mare in 2020 during the COVID-19 outbreak

This paper attempted to reflect upon remote dance teaching experiences developed during the COVID-19 outbreak, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, in 2020, by the Escola Livre de Danca da Mare. Working with non-formal education in dance, through synchronous and asynchronous strategies, the school kept reaching out to its students the during social isolation imposed by the new coronavirus pandemic. In a context where social inequalities became even more evident for those who needed to be connected to the internet and use electronical devices to study at home, this paper reflected upon how the reality of the neighborhood of Mare did not cope with the best development of the online classes at the Escola Livre de Danca da Mare.

Exposure to information about COVID-19: analysis of news in two weekly new TV newspapers in Brazil

With the technological development in the last century, information reaches people, in their homes, with great speed and ease. Especially in the last two decades, with the advent of the internet, this has become even more evident. Some of the media with the greatest power of communication today are still television, especially television news. The spread of news with an emphasis on negative aspects, disasters, violence and death is a constant in these media. Constant exposure to negative news can lead to the development of psychological distress. The article analyzed the time used and the content of news (positive or negative) about COVID-19 in two open television newscasts, with weekly frequency in Brazil. The results indicate the prevalence of longer exposure time of negative contents, standing out in relation to positive contents such as survivors, vaccination.

The acceleration of the incorporation of new technologies in legal education: The requirements of practical reasonableness and ethical boundaries for the application of artificial intelligence in distance learning

Objective: Legal education in Brazil faces a series of challenges to adapt to modern society needs, such as its dogmatism and technicality. In the opposite direction, the World Economic Forum presents that the necessary skills for the job market are behavioral competences, such as the complex problem resolution and creativity. A new layer was added to these challenges, based on the regulatory flexibility that increases the distance workload to undergraduate courses in Law, the effect of the pandemic of COVID-19. So, expand the incorporation of artificial intelligence in distance learning. Therefore, it is questioned what the limits for are incorporating artificial intelligence into distance legal education. Relating these technologies to the requirements of practical reasonableness means responding to the possibility of ethical standards limiting the use of artificial intelligence in distance learning in the legal field. Methodology: We chose to review the literature with a qualitative approach and use of the deductive method, seeking to present an interpretation of the studied phenomenon. The article is divided into three parts to describe the intensification of the crisis in Brazilian legal education, explain the concept of practical reasonableness and show the benefits of its requirements to integrate legal education and limit the use of artificial intelligence in distance learning. Results: The research results consisted of identifying the advantages of practical reasonableness requirements for legal education and the recommendation for the use of artificial intelligence in distance learning in the legal field. Contributions: The requirements of practical reasonableness contribute to the citizen education of law students, which can only be achieved with the participation of human teachers, limiting the use of artificial intelligence in this space to these ethical standards. © 2021, Centro Universitario Curitiba - UNICURITIBA. All rights reserved.